What does a covalent bond involve?

A covalent bond involves a shared pair of electrons between atoms. This type of bond occurs when two nonmetals come together and share their valence electrons in order to achieve a more stable electronic configuration, often resembling that of noble gases. By sharing electrons, each atom can effectively fill its outer electron shell, enhancing stability.

In a covalent bond, the shared electrons allow each atom to experience the benefits of having a complete set of valence electrons. This is particularly common in diatomic molecules like H2, O2, and N2, where the atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule.

The other options refer to different types of bonding or interactions. For instance, the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions describes ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating ions. The transfer of electrons from metals to nonmetals is also characteristic of ionic bonding, not covalent, and the idea of a complete joining of atoms with no freedom of movement does not accurately represent covalent bonds, which allow for some flexibility and rotation due to the nature of the bonds involved.